The Immuno-Oncology
With recent research, cancer immunotherapy has notably been proven to be effective in eradicating or minimizing the spread of invading primary as well as metastatic tumors. In principle, cancer immunotherapeutics are based on the stimulation of the body’s immune cells against the elimination of cancerous cells; and are accomplished with the help of several methods including but not limited to cytokines, vaccines, adoptive cellular therapy, as well as oncolytic viruses.
Apart from cancers, autoimmune systems have also gained special interest due to the ability of normal immune cells of the body to attack its cells. Accordingly, multiple projects are going on across the world to facilitate different studies including toxicity analysis, graft rejection studies, studies related to inflammation and allergies, drug development, etc.
Kosheeka has a range of primary immune cells including NK cells, dendritic cells, etc.; you just have to design and test treatments as part of your research and development.
Overview
NK Cells
Dendritic Cells
CAR-T Cells
References
Overview
In the current age of immunotherapeutics, which is targeting tumor-producing microenvironment (SMEs), the need for immune models prepared by a range of primary immune cells, and further integration of human immune cells are in growing demand. Despite recent advancements in creating xenografts or humanized mice, the drug development of cancer immunotherapeutics relies more on syngeneic animal models due to their intact immune systems (Oslon et.al.; 2018). Contrary to this, engineered human cells or primary human cells offer similar in vivo complexity, while fully retaining physical parameters as well as the cellular composition of a particular organ. This encouraged many researchers to use primary cellular systems to recapitulate the physiological state of the cells within a body and study underlying physical as well as chemical signaling patterns of a particular tumor microenvironment (TME) (Hue et.al.; 2011). In a variety of upcoming studies interaction between cancer cells and the immune system can be a decision maker in controlling tumor outgrowth or tumor metastasis. Studies have also indicated tumor-promoting inflammation as well as escaping the process of immune-mediated destructions to be the bonafide hallmarks of growing cancer. These experimental models can turn out to be powerful tools for validating results from a clinical specimen. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T) is a key example, to re-engineer a patient’s T-cells to fight their cancer. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and immune checkpoint inhibitors are further examples of immunotherapy. Kosheeka offers a comprehensive portfolio of reliable primary cells, media, reagents, and kits for immune-oncology research. Kosheeka HLA-typed human primary cells from specific organs enable testing of new immunotherapies for off-target effects, with the potential to request certain donor types. The Kosheeka Primary Cancer Culture System (PCCS) allows selective isolation of long-term primary cultures of malignant cells from tumor samples, allowing researchers to deplete benign cells from culture and selectively maintain malignant cells. With the growing importance of immunotherapies, Kosheeka is ready with its range of products required for experimental models, such as: 
- Cytotoxic T cells
- T Helper 1 Cells
- T Helper 2 Cells
- Regulatory T Cells
- B Cells
- Macrophage Cells
- Dendritic Cells
- Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)
- Muse Cells
- Customized primary cancer cells
- Optimized cell culture growth media
NK Cells
NK cells
These are the predominant cells present in the innate lymphocyte subsets and are responsible for mediating anti-tumor response or anti-viral response; depending upon the inflammatory profile of the body. With this property, they represent a promising tool for clinical utilization in the case of clinical oncology. Importantly, some recent studies on the pandemic have also revealed NK cells’ ability in mediating anti-viral effector functions with the help of a set of evasion mechanisms.NK cells as anti-viral models
Different studies are going to identify the relevance of NK cells in mediating anti-viral immune response, and how this important property can be utilized against the spread of virus infection in the form of immunotherapy. Importantly, researchers can find a clue that with the help of memory NK cells, can be adoptively transferred to another naïve host to initiate an appropriate immune response against developing pathogenic entry.NK Cells mediated anti-tumor mechanism
While NK cells isolated from lymphocytes, represented natural cytotoxicity in certain tumor cells, even in the absence of preimmunization; such as CD56dim NK cells, making up the majority of circulating tumor cells. Studies have also confirmed that these high levels of tumor-infiltrating NK cells are responsible for positive prognostic tumor markers. However, it is very crucial to understand how NK cells are recognized by inhibitory and activating receptor complexes; hence, three recognition models have been studied exclusively, such as ‘missing self’, ‘non-self’, and ‘stress-induced self’. Interestingly, there are also various studies planned to understand how tumor cell receptors are planning to escape the surveillance of NK cells, which may be either by losing the expression of adhesion molecules, upregulation of certain class I MHC complex, etc. Given the importance of NK cells produced clinically, various clinical studies have been designed to understand their therapeutic importance.- Autologous NK cells were used on patients with metastatic RCC, malignant glioma, and breast cancer. The trial confirmed the limited activity of autologous NK cells (Farag SS, et.al; 2004).
- Allogeneic NK cells were used on patients with metastatic melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, and Hodgkin’s disease; and were found to be safe with minimal toxicity (Hayes RL. et.al; 1995).
- Systemic administration was facilitated using allogeneic NK cells on a patient with Hodgkin’s lymphoma; which was found to have expressed higher cytotoxicity to antibody-coated targeted cells (Berzofsky JA. et.al; 2001).
- Another trial was completed with genetically modified NK cells; which found successful anti-tumor effects along with limited specificity of NK cells (Escudier B, et.al; 1994).
Dendritic Cells
Dendritic Cells
Very important antigen-presenting cells with a unique capacity to activate naïve T Cells; however, their central role in regulating adaptive immune response is yet to be fully appreciated. In the era of lymphocytes, where rulers of immunotherapies like NK cells and dendritic cells were known but ignored; some researchers’ relentless pursuit to know their functions have understood their potential in translating into clinical research. Dendritic cells are professional antigen-presenting cells and are located throughout the body as avengers capturing invading pathogens, with the help of multiple triggers like toll-like receptors, phagosomes, etc.Application of DCS in immune regulation
The genetic models strongly supported the supreme capacity of DCs in T cell priming. Some of the preclinical models have confirmed the idea that DCreg can induce immunogenic tolerance and reverse disease phenotype through immunogenic regulation in models of allergies, asthma, and autoimmune disorders. Interestingly, several clinical trials have pushed the idea of using DCreg in clinical applications. These models were prepared to assess hypersensitivity reactions, detect interleukin responses, etc (Gordon JR, et.al; 2005). The present in vitro data further suggest that naturally occurring dendritic cells can be a more potent and reasonable alternative to monocyte-derived dendritic cells, considering their availability and clinical potency. And the same is in demand by many pharmaceutic companies for the preparation of DC vaccinations.Thus, the range of products that are being developed at Kosheeka are:
- Monocyte-derived dendritic cells
- Naturally circulating dendritic cells
- Myeloid Dendritic cells
CAR-T Cells
CAR-T Cells
The advent of Chimeric Antigen T cell therapy (CAR-T) has challenged the traditional foundation of cancer therapeutics involving surgery, chemotherapy as well as radiation treatment. Although these continue to be critical mainstay treatments, with a growing understanding of cellular biology and genetics there is a huge transformation in the field of medical oncology.CAT-T Cell Therapy: A “Living Drug”
How about the idea of giving patients a living drug that can locate the growing tumor, kill it on the spot and also eradicate the cells that are infected with pathogenic multiplication? However, researchers are still exploring various side effects that were earlier thought to be associated with therapeutic applications of engineered CAR-T cells. Importantly, preclinical mouse/rat models have mostly failed to predict these complications in humans, as they were primarily designed only for testing toxicity at the time of initial observation in patients.Preclinical models: Cytokine releasing syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity
Some studies have indicated that one of the most common and potentially dangerous side effects of CD19 CART cell therapy is CRS and neurotoxicity. As per the American Society of Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (ASTCT), the CRS and its induced neurotoxicity are described as an immune effector cell-associated supraphysiological response following immunotherapies like CART cell therapy. Some of the commonly reported symptoms are activation of endogenous T cells, causing fever, hypotension, capillary leak, and organ dysfunction. CRS is also commonly reported in patients with multiple myeloma post-CART cellular therapy. Some of the commonly reported manifestations of neurotoxicity, post CART include confusion, language disturbance, deficits in fine motor skills, encephalopathy, dysphasia, aphasia, cerebral edema with coma, and death. For that matter, across various corners of the world, CART cells are evaluated for safety and feasibility with the help of the identification of certain biomarkers. Accordingly, special interests have been developed to study in vitro models created by coculturing with other monolayers of cells; to test the specificity and efficacy of CART cells. More recently, other cells like macrophages are also found to be co-cultured with CART cells, which facilitated mechanistic insights of CRS.Models for GVHD and rejection
Allogeneic mouse models have been studied for GVHD, post CART therapy; and the model demonstrated limited or no risk due to cumulative signaling initiation pattern by exogenous CAR and endogenous alloreactive TCR, causing possible deletion of transferred T cells, facilitating their functional loss. Alternatively, some studies also employed allogeneic CART cells isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and coculturing them with other macrophages to study the pattern of GVHD and rejection. Many more such models are being studied worldwide. Kosheeka will also soon be entering the world of immunotherapeutics by soon offering a range of naturally presenting and genetically engineered CARTs.
References
- Gordon JR, Li F, Nayyar A, Xiang J, Zhang X, et al. CD8 alpha+, but not CD8 alpha-, dendritic cells tolerize Th2 responses via contact-dependent and -independent mechanisms, and reverse airway hyperresponsiveness, Th2, and eosinophil responses in a mouse model of asthma. J Immunol (2005) 175(3):1516–22. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.3.1516
- Gordon JR, Ma Y, Churchman L, Gordon SA, Dawicki W, et al. Regulatory dendritic cells for immunotherapy in immunologic diseases. Front Immunol (2014) 5:7. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00007
- Escudier B, Farace F, Angevin E, Charpentier F, Nitenberg G, Triebel F, et al. Immunotherapy with interleukin-2 (IL2) and lymphokine-activated natural killer cells: improvement of clinical responses in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients previously treated with IL2. Eur J Cancer A. 1994;30A:1078–1083.
- Farag SS, Caligiuri MA. Cytokine modulation of the innate immune system in the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma. Adv Pharmacol. 2004;51:295–318.
- Hayes RL, Koslow M, Hiesiger EM, Hymes KB, Hochster HS, Moore EJ, et al. Improved long term survival after intracavitary interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells for adults with recurrent malignant glioma. Cancer. 1995;76:840–852.
- Huh D., Hamilton G.A., Ingber D.E. From 3d cell culture to organs-on-chips. Trends Cell Biol. 2011;21:745–754.
- Parihar R, Nadella P, Lewis A, Jensen R, de Hoff C, Dierksheide JE, et al. A phase I study of interleukin 12 with trastuzumab in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-overexpressing malignancies: analysis of sustained interferon-gamma production in a subset of patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10:5027–5037.
- Olson B., Li Y., Lin Y., Liu E.T., Patnaik A. Mouse models for cancer immunotherapy research. Cancer Discov. 2018;8:1358–1365.
- Rosenberg SA. Interleukin-2 and the development of immunotherapy for the treatment of patients with cancer. Cancer J Sci Am. 2000. pp. S2–S7.
